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College of Letters and Science - Columbus State University

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Academics

College of Letters and Science

The College of Letters and Sciences is the largest and most academically diverse college in the university. There are 11 departments and over 110 full-time faculty members offering a wide variety of programs ranging from certificates to masters degrees. We have over 35 different degree program and more are under development.

The vision of the College of Letters and Sciences is to provide high quality programs that engage students, further their dedication to our disciplines, increase their competitiveness in the job market, and help them become responsible citizens.

As a mission the College of Letters and Sciences will provide Columbus State University graduates with undergraduate experiences in the liberal arts and sciences that render them effective citizens, to prepare them for admission and success in graduate programs and for employment and to provide quality graduate instruction in disciplines useful to sensible development and sustainable quality living in our service region and beyond; to provide our faculty with the tools for continued professional development keeping them leaders in their respective fields of endeavor; to provide small class opportunities to keep students better engaged in the learning process; and to support outreach programs designed to give citizens or our region appreciation and understanding of the disciplines represented in our college.

The faculty in the College of Letters and Sciences takes pride in providing hands-on learning experiences for students that blend academic rigor with practical applications. Our students are active in undergraduate research & creative inquiry. They have explored the unique geological terrain of our region, examined the literary works of the masters, researched mathematical cryptography, and traveled abroad.

Department of Biology

The Department of Biology has a friendly atmosphere, with outgoing faculty who teach, advise and collaborate with students to help them meet their goals. In biology courses, "learn by doing" is the guiding philosophy, and biology majors use cutting-edge techniques in classrooms with state-of-the-art equipment. The university is located in a region of the Southeast that affords numerous opportunities in environmental biology. Biology majors are also individually advised by faculty members, who guide students through their coursework and help them plan for careers or professional schools after graduation. Many biology majors also work with faculty on research projects. Such experiences enrich the academic careers of students, and many biology majors have won awards for their research at regional or national scientific meetings. In addition, several biology clubs give students opportunities to hear and meet experts in biology from outside the university, as well as socialize and engage in volunteer activities throughout the community.

As its mission, the Department of Biology at Columbus State University is concerned with:

  • undergraduate education and research in biology
  • graduate courses in biology and science education, and graduate research in environmental science
  • service to our geographic region in biology science education and environmental science
  • sustenance of a community of scholars engaged in developing the ways of knowing, habits of the mind, and operational skills characteristic of capable biologists

The Bachelor of Arts (BA), BA, Secondary Education Track and Bachelor of Science (BS) majors in biology include a wide spectrum of exciting subjects. By graduation, Biology majors are broadly prepared for a variety of opportunities. Many move onto to graduate schools or professional schools in health-related fields. Others attain immediate employment, in an array of industries or the public sector. The Department of Biology also offers a valuable minor that enhances employment opportunities for students.

The BA degree in biology is designed for students who wish to exercise more control over the development of their degree program. Such students may wish to combine studies in biology with additional preparation in another academic field. The BA degree can also assist students seeking admission into dental or medical school if they add a number of the courses already required in the BS program. Students selecting the BA degree must complete a minor, an approved minor equivalent or the Secondary Education Track.

The BS degree in biology represents the most appropriate preparation for those who wish to pursue post-graduate studies. The curriculum is built on a strong core of science courses that explore the breadth of biology. The BS program requires each student to complete an undergraduate research project or experiential internship program. Students who are interested in entering graduate school, dental school, medical school, or a school of veterinary medicine, or who want a comprehensive biology background should seriously consider the BS degree.

In order to declare a major in biology, a student is required to have an overall GPA (including grades earned at other institutions) of 2.5 (without rounding up). Students must also have completed the following coursework prior to admittance into any of the junior-level core courses: Chemistry 1211, 1211L, 1212, 1212L; two additional laboratory science courses; Area A and Area D mathematics courses. Students must receive a grade of "C" or better for all classes in Areas D, F, and G. Classes with grades lower than a C cannot be used to satisfy prerequisite requirements for courses required in the major. To complete a degree in biology, students must obtain a minimum overall grade point average of 2.0 in all science courses applied to graduation.

In addition to general advising of BS and BA students, special academic advising is provided for students with pre-professional concentrations, such as pre-medicine, pre-veterinary medicine, pre-pharmacy and the track in Secondary Education.

To officially declare a concentration in pre-dentistry, pre-medicine, or pre-veterinary medicine, an entering student must have:

  • a minimum SAT total score of 1000 or a minimum ACT composite score of 22
  • a minimum high school grade point average of 3.00
  • completed college preparatory curriculum requirements (Georgia high school graduates)

Students not meeting these requirements may meet with pre-medical advisors for advice, but will be officially assigned to BA or BS advisors until they have:

  • completed 30 semester hours
  • completed CHEM 1211, CHEM 1212 (including labs), COMM 1110, and MATH 1127
  • maintained a minimum institutional grade point average of 3.00

Pre-veterinary medicine students must pursue the BS in biology; students with concentrations in pre-dentistry or pre-medicine may pursue either the BA or BS in biology.

A special advisor has also been assigned to work with biology majors with a pre-pharmacy concentration. Some students complete a four-year degree while others transfer to a pharmacy school after two or three years. There are no additional academic criteria for entrance into this concentration, as the admission requirements for pharmacy schools differ.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates will be able to:

  • demonstrate knowledge and understanding of key concepts, principles, theories, and methods in four core areas: cell biology; molecular biology and genetics; organismal biology; and population biology, evolution, and ecology.
  • employ critical and analytical thinking in application of the scientific method, including formulating and testing hypotheses, designing experiments, analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions.
  • report orally and in writing research results and conclusions according to accepted standards of professional biologists.
  • demonstrate knowledge of careers in biology.

Chemistry

The Department of Chemistry will evolve in directions which best serve the needs of our students and the regional community. The faculty and staff of the Department of Chemistry provide an environment where students at all levels can explore, discover, and learn chemistry through coursework and independent research. Department activities are presently oriented toward undergraduate education in the chemical sciences. However, we are committed to growth and expansion of the department in the following areas:

  • graduate education in chemistry
  • consulting and advisory services for chemical industries and governmental agencies
  • research within the various disciplines of chemistry, focusing on the needs in the region
  • supporting the Master of Education (Chemistry) program

Mission Statement

The mission of the Department of Chemistry at Columbus State University is:

  • to provide students with a thorough undergraduate education in chemistry which will enable them to compete in a global society
  • to prepare students for graduate and/or professional schools
  • to prepare students for teaching careers in chemistry in Georgia and beyond
  • to prepare students for research/technical careers in the chemical industry in the region and beyond
  • to provide service to our geographic region in the chemical sciences through university-community partnerships

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates will be able to:

  • demonstrate knowledge of the diverse areas of chemistry, both theoretical and practical
  • communicate the rapidly changing field of chemical knowledge effectively
  • estimate and interpret chemical information in the context of the day-to-day events
  • demonstrate skills in quantitative and qualitative problem-solving related to the chemical sciences
  • demonstrate knowledge of chemical instrumentation and its theoretical basis, including the operation of microprocessor controlled instruments
  • integrate the usage of information technology in chemistry
  • think independently and apply chemical knowledge to real-world problems
  • demonstrate knowledge of safety methodologies used in the chemical laboratory
  • enter into employment in the chemical industry or into graduate or professional schools

Chemistry Programs

The baccalaureate degree programs in chemistry are designed to offer students a solid background in all of the core areas of chemistry, i.e. organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, and biochemistry. Graduates will be able to demonstrate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemistry, think independently, and apply skills and knowledge of chemistry to solve real-world problems. Because of the diverse goals of chemistry students and needs in the region, two degree programs are available with five concentrations: (1) The Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) program has two degree tracks, i.e. Chemistry and Secondary Education track and Pre-professional Chemistry track, (2) The Bachelor of Science (B.S.) program has three degree tracks which includes the Applied Chemistry track, ACS Professional Chemistry track, and Forensic Chemistry track.

Bachelor of Arts

Chemistry and Secondary Education Track - The Chemistry and Secondary Education degree track is offered in collaboration with the College of Education and Health Professions. This degree is designed for students with an interest in teaching chemistry at the secondary level or pursuing graduate studies in chemical or science education. In addition to the general degree requirements, the B.A. in Chemistry requires satisfactory completion of courses in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and education. The education components of the track are offered through an innovative teacher preparation program (UTeachColumbus). A broad range of upper-level elective courses in chemistry exists to expose students to modern fields within the chemical sciences and to help students broaden their understanding of science teacher education.

Pre-Professional Chemistry Track - The Pre-professional degree track is designed for students interested in going to medical, dental, or pharmacy school. In addition to the general degree requirements, the B.A. in Chemistry requires satisfactory completion of courses in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and biology. This degree has fewer required chemistry and math courses and less laboratory time than the B.S. program. These courses provide a broad foundation in the field and permit flexibility for evolving and changing student interests. A broad range of upper-level elective courses exists to expose students to modern fields within the chemical sciences, and to help students broaden their college experience.

Bachelor of Science

Bachelor of Science Applied Chemistry Track- This track is designed for students interested in working in a chemical industryor governmental laboratories. In addition to the general degree requirements, the B.S. in Chemistry requires satisfactory completion of courses in chemistry, mathematics, and physics. These provide a broad foundation in the field and permit flexibility for evolving and changing student interests. A broad range of upper-level elective courses exists to expose students to modern techniques within the chemical sciences, and to help students expand their college experience.

Bachelor of Science ACS Professional Chemistry Track - This track is designed for students interested in graduate studies in chemistry or related fields. The professional track is the degree that meets certification by the American Chemical Society through its Committee on Professional Training. The B.S. in Chemistry provides the breadth and depth of experience to give graduates a wide choice of career options, and especially suited for further study in chemistry in a graduate school. The program also prepares students for entry level positions in industry and government laboratories. In addition to the general degree requirements, the ACS Professional Chemistry track requires satisfactory completion of courses in chemistry, mathematics, and physics. The ACS Professional track also enables students to gain substantial research experience through independent study and senior seminar courses under the guidance and mentorship of faculty members. The program provides a sound foundation in the field of chemistry and permits flexibility for evolving and changing student interests. A broad range of upper-level elective courses are offered to expose students to modern techniques within the chemical sciences and to help students expand their college experience.

Bachelor of Science Forensic Chemistry Track - This tack is designed for students interested in working in a forensics laboratory or pursuing graduate studies in forensics.In addition to the general degree requirements, the B.S. in Chemistry requires satisfactory completion of courses in chemistry, criminal justice, mathematics, and physics. These provide a broad foundation in the field and permit flexibility for evolving and changing student interests. In addition to the core chemistry courses, the Forensic Chemistry track consists of a broad range of upper-level elective courses to expose students to modern techniques in chemistry and chemical forensics and help them expand their college experience. The Forensic Chemistry tack curriculum emphasizes evidence collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of physical evidence.

Command College

Georgia Law Enforcement Command College

Developing the leaders of tomorrow

Following years of research and feasibility studies, law enforcement leaders in Georgia decided that an advanced Command-College program was desperately needed. In May of 1994, the Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police in partnership with Columbus State University accepted the challenge, making the establishment and implementation of a Command College a high priority.

The Command College held its first class in 1995. Over the last sixteen years, the one-class-per-year schedule has increased to four classes per year - two that begin in the fall and two that begins in the spring. Since the program's inception, over 300 different agencies have participated in fifty-five different classes.

The Command College has expanded to include the Professional Management Program and the Executive College, which was developed by the CSU Justice Administration Outreach. In addition, the Justice Administration Outreach in partnership with the Georgia Department of Corrections and with other law enforcement agencies across the state has created several programs individually designed to meet the organizational needs of each of those agencies.

The Command College offers the following degree:
Master of Public Safety Administration (MPSA)
This program is pending approval by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC).

The MPSA is designed to reach in-service public safety executives to provide them the education and training necessary to meet the complexities of the future. The program is designed to develop leaders who will serve the vital needs of their community. Students will gain a mastery of knowledge in Public Safety Administration. The Command College model combines the best of contact of the traditional classroom and the flexibility of distance learning, each course designed around a week of intense classroom instruction and interaction within a semester of distance education.

Master of Public Safety Administration Degree Requirements

Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology

Criminal Justice

The Department of Criminal Justice offers a one-year professional certificate, which is tailored to meet the needs of in-service criminal justice personnel. Certificate students are reminded that the certificate program does not guarantee admission to either the associate or the bachelor degree programs, and that they will be assigned to the current catalog requirements as of the date when they change from certificate to degree programs. Additionally, certificate students who are admitted to a degree program must immediately satisfy core requirements.

The Associate of Applied Science in Criminal Justice (AASCJ) degree is designed for students who are seeking a degree that will meet the minimum educational requirements of various law enforcement agencies for entry and/or promotion. All criminal justice majors are strongly encouraged to take and complete the associate degree in criminal justice before taking any bachelor degree criminal justice courses.

The Bachelor of Science (BS) degree enables students to demonstrate a general knowledge of law enforcement, legal research, corrections, and criminology. Students must take a minimum of thirty-nine (39) semester hours in CRJU courses in residence at Columbus State University.

Maximum credit for Professional Training/Academies will be twelve (12) semester hours in the associate and/or bachelor degrees.

Students in degree programs are reminded that evening students may have to take some courses during the day to complete degree requirements.

Graduates of the criminal justice program find secure jobs with local, state, and federal government agencies such as city and state police, sheriffs' departments, probation and parole departments, Georgia and Federal Bureaus of Investigation, drug enforcement agencies, the Secret Service, correctional institutions, juvenile justice agencies, and private industrial security.

Information on the Master of Public Administration degree with the justice administration option may be found in the Political Science section of this catalog.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates will be able to demonstrate knowledge of:

  • principles of criminal justice systems
  • knowledge of law enforcement organization and procedures
  • skills of legal research and analysis
  • concepts of punishment and rehabilitation in the context of correctional systems
  • major theories of criminal behavior

BS graduates also will be able to demonstrate and apply knowledge about each of the above by passing the department exit exam.

Sociology

Sociology concentrates on the scientific study of social interactions and their consequences. Few other fields have such a scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge. The CSU Sociology program offers a comprehensive curriculum designed to educate students about a broad range of topics in the study of sociology leading to the Bachelor of Science degree. Since the subject matter of sociology is people and human behavior, sociologists investigate the structure and interactions of groups, organizations, and societies. Examples of areas of study include race, social class, and gender, the family, crime, prejudice and discrimination, development, religion, group behavior, work and organizations, social theory, and social research.

Students graduating with a degree in sociology are able to recognize trends and patterns, create reports, have strong skills in critical thinking, interpersonal communications, research and data analysis, planning and organizing, and management. Sociology graduates with a bachelor's degree find employment in many fields including advertising, marketing, education, health services, hospitals, corrections, health and social services, and state and local governments.

Our program provides opportunities for motivated and capable students to work closely with faculty in research, often leading to student presentations at local and regional conferences. The department also sponsors the Sociology Club for interested students. Our faculty are dedicated to student success and provide the individual attention that is crucial for that success.

The following are the expected learning outcomes for students completing an undergraduate degree in sociology at CSU:

  • Students will be able to demonstrate a basic understanding of the discipline of sociology and its role in contributing to an understanding of social reality by defining its object of study and by listing the major goals of sociological analysis.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of core sociological concepts and processes.
  • Students will be able to discuss the relationships between the micro and the macro levels, i.e., between the individual, culture and society.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the role of theory in sociology by describing its major theorists and major theoretical schools.
  • Students will be able to describe the major sociological research methods.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate the basic computer skills necessary for conducting sociological research and for applying sociological knowledge through data analysis and the presentation of sociological data.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the reciprocal relationship between individuals and society.
  • Students will be able to discuss in depth the following specialty areas in sociology: diversity of ethnicity, gender, sexual preference, and sociocultural systems; social problems such as crime and deviance, socioeconomic inequality, poverty and social stratification, and deterioration of contemporary ecosystems; and various processes of sociocultural evolution and change.
  • Students will be able to recognize, understand, and effectively communicate the complexity of cultural diversity in local and global society.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate critical thinking skills.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of social policy and applications of sociological theory to the resolution of social problems.
  • Students will be able to demonstrate familiarity with the process of planning and implementing problem solving to bring about social change.

Earth and Space Sciences

The Department of Earth and Space Sciences consists of a group of related academic disciplines focused on the Earth and its place in the Cosmos. Study of Earth's surface and subsurface processes is provided by a full range of courses in Geology. The interaction of human beings and their societies with the Earth and its natural environments is considered by courses in Environmental Sciences and Anthropology. The Earth's position in space is the focus of the Astrophysics and Planetary Geology program, an integral part of which involves the study of Physics, also included in our department. Closely aligned with the Physics program is our Pre-Engineering program. The department also includes a program designed to prepare teachers in Earth Science Secondary Education. Also in our department is the Environmental Science Masters Degree. Further information about the department may be found at our web site, http://ess.columbusstate.edu/

The Earth and Space Science Department offers baccalaureate degree tracks in the following:

Astrophysics and Planetary Geology

The baccalaureate degree program in astrophysics and planetary geology allows students to purse a broad base of physical science coursework in chemistry, geology, physics and astronomy, followed by more rigorous upper division courses in geology, physics and astronomy. The proximity to important local geologic features allows field work to be an integral part of many geology classes. CSU's Coca-Cola Space Science Center also acts as a focal point for student research work in astronomy and astrophysics. Some courses are offered every other year; therefore, careful planning of an individual student's program is necessary. Faculty work closely with students to ensure their academic success, and many students are able to have opportunities to do research and either present that work at regional or national conferences, as well as publishing that work in peer reviewed venues.

Student Learning Outcomes:

At the time of graduation, students of the B.S. Earth and Space Science program will be able to:

  • Demonstrate critical thinking skills and the ability to communicate scientific information and appropriate interpretations of geological and/or astronomical data through written or verbal presentation.
  • Reason thoughtfully about scientific matters and the nature of science.
  • Demonstrate appropriate use of tools or technology commonly used in the study of geological or related sciences including databases, software, and other analytical tools.
  • Demonstrate a working knowledge of the basic concepts of chemistry and physics as they relate to their major field.
  • Demonstrate a working knowledge of the major conceptual areas of astronomy (solar system, stellar, and galactic astronomy; and cosmology).
  • Demonstrate a working knowledge of the major areas of geology relevant to planetary science (mineralogy, stratigraphy, structural geology, geomorphology).
  • Demonstrate competence in the technical aspects of astronomical and geological research, including collection and analysis of data, use of telescopes, and ability to incorporate astronomical and geological data into interpretations of planetary characteristics.

Geology

The baccalaureate degree programs in geology prepare graduates for entry into the practice of professional geology, the teaching of Earth Science or Geology, or as preparatory education for graduate study in geology and closely related fields such as geological engineering, geophysics, paleontology, environmental science, regional planning, or further studies in science education. Active research programs at the University provide undergraduates opportunities for extensive field research and learning experiences focused on the geology of the southeastern U.S., including the evolution of ancient organisms (paleontology) and the environments in which they lived (sedimentology/stratigraphy); the development of the Appalachian Mountains (structural geology) and the large scale processes by which they formed (tectonics); and the more recent history of changing climate (paleoclimatology) and Earth's surficial features (geomorphology). Faculty work closely with students to ensure their academic success and guide them to opportunities for expanding their academic and professional horizons. The BS in Geology curriculum qualifies graduates to meet the introductory requirements for licensing with the Georgia Board of Registration for Professional Geologists. The BS in Geology requires satisfactory completion of courses in mathematics, physics, and chemistry, as well as in geology. These provide a broad foundation in the field and permit flexibility for evolving and changing student interests.

The diverse experience of the faculty allows a range of upper-level elective courses to be offered that introduce students to various sub-fields within the geological sciences and expand their college experience. Some courses are offered every other year; therefore, careful planning of an individual student's program is necessary. Geology faculty advisors work with students in planning their course schedules each year in order to facilitate completion of degree work in a timely manner.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates of the BS in Geology program will be able to:

  • demonstrate a working knowledge of the major areas of geology (mineralogy, petrology, paleontology, stratigraphy, structural geology, environmental geology, and geomorphology)
  • communicate geological concepts, data, and interpretations to others
  • demonstrate knowledge and apply field observations, traditional techniques, and modern technology to the solution of geologic aspects of problems in regional planning and the environment as well as traditional geologic problems (use appropriate data bases, software, and analytical tools)
  • demonstrate ability to assemble diverse geologic data into environmental, economic, and regional geologic interpretations
  • perform the tasks requested in entry level geologic employment or graduate school

Environmental Science

The baccalaureate degree program in environmental science is intended to provide a strong and diverse background to prepare graduates for successful careers in the rapidly growing industry of environmental management and protection. To that end, the program's curriculum courses not only in Environmental Science but also in Biology, Chemistry, Ecology, Geology and cultural studies. Graduates serve as environmental professionals in local, state, and federal environmental resource agencies; in the private sector as environmental consultants. The environmental science program's singular diversity of course offerings and flexible curriculum encourage each student to design a unique program suited to his or her individual goals. Student by student, we emphasize the building of a firm foundation in the underpinning concepts of environmental science, proficiency in designing and conducting original research, and effectiveness in communicating the results in both written and oral forms.

Student Learning Outcomes:

At the time of graduation, students of the Environmental Science program are expected to have:

  • An appreciation of the interaction of the Earth's major surface systems and how these interactions influence and are influenced by human action
  • Knowledge concerning how humans interact with the geologic environment with an emphasis on the potential hazards associated with geologic phenomena (e.g., volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis)
  • An understanding of chemical, physical, biological, and geological principles that underlie environmental dynamics
  • An understanding of ecology and how to design ecological experiments and analyze data
  • An appreciation of the limits of sustainability of natural resources and how to manage and conserve them
  • An understanding of how human societies are influenced by their natural environment and how society's actions affect the environment
  • Knowledge of the Earth's climate system including factors which affect it, how it has change in the past and it is changing now

Earth and Space Science – Secondary Education Track

The baccalaureate degree program in earth and space science – secondary education allows students to purse a broad base of physical science coursework in chemistry, geology, physics and astronomy, as well as the education coursework and clinical hours required by the Professional Standards Commission in order to qualify for certification to teach science in grades 6 – 12.

The proximity to important local geologic features allows field work to be an integral part of many geology classes. CSU's Coca-Cola Space Science Center allows students access to a variety of telescopes as well as a planetarium and an informal science education setting. Some courses are offered every other year; therefore, careful planning of an individual student's program is necessary. Faculty work closely with students to ensure their academic success.

Student Learning Outcomes:

At the time of graduation, students of the B.S. Earth and Space Science program will be able to:

  • Demonstrate critical thinking skills and the ability to communicate scientific information and appropriate interpretations of geological and/or astronomical data through written or verbal presentation.
  • Reason thoughtfully about scientific matters and the nature of science.
  • Demonstrate appropriate use of tools or technology commonly used in the study of geological or related sciences including databases, software, and other analytical tools.
  • Demonstrate a working knowledge of many of the major areas of geology (mineralogy, petrology, paleontology, stratigraphy, and environmental geology).
  • Demonstrate breadth of knowledge in a range of geologically related physical sciences.
  • Apply course related field work to lesson planning involving the relevant Georgia Performance Standards.
  • Relate the importance of geologic data to environmental, economic, and regional concerns.
  • Demonstrate proficiency in instructional planning.
  • Demonstrate proficiency in the implementation of instruction.
  • Demonstrate proficiencies related to helping every student succeed.
  • Demonstrate proficiencies related to selecting and using materials to enhance teaching and learning.
  • Demonstrate proficiencies related to evaluating learning and teaching.
  • Demonstrate and apply knowledge of findings of educational research related to the teaching and learning of science.
  • Display values, commitments, dispositions and habits associated with effective and professional teaching.
  • Demonstrate a working knowledge of the basic concepts of chemistry and physics as they relate to their major field.

The Pre-Engineering Program

The Pre-Engineering Program is designed to provide a liberal education and to develop a broad scientific and technical foundation for future specialization. Two programs are available:

  • Regents' Engineering Transfer Program (RETP) and
  • General Pre-Engineering Program (GPEP).

Upon successful completion of the pre-engineering curriculum, RETP students transfer to Georgia Tech and work toward completing a bachelor of engineering degree, while GPEP students may apply to any engineering school in the nation of their choice, including Georgia Tech. It is expected that students will normally require four to five and one-half years to complete the degree requirements, depending on their pre-college preparation and engineering major, as with any other engineering school graduates. Students entering the pre-engineering program can be prepared for specialization in aerospace, ceramic, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, industrial, materials, mechanical, nuclear and textile engineering.

To be admitted to the Regents' Engineering Transfer Program at Columbus State University, a student must be a resident of Georgia, with a combined SAT score of at least 1090 (including a 560 math and 530 verbal score). Students who do not initially qualify for RETP when entering may join the RETP after the end of their freshmen year by completing the first two required chemistry courses and calculus 1 and 2 with grades of 3.0 ("B") or higher, and by attaining a cumulative grade point average of 3.0 or higher.

Columbus State University faculty members have been working closely with Georgia Tech faculty to assure a curriculum that is well coordinated with that of Georgia Tech. At the same time, RETP students enjoy many of the advantages of Georgia Tech students: they have equal access to engineering majors at Georgia Tech, they can participate in the co-op program, and they are invited to the Georgia Tech campus once a year for campus tours, information sessions, and meeting with advisors in their engineering major.

Masters Program in Environmental Science

The Master of Science in Environmental Science program is designed to prepare graduates to deal effectively with scientific challenges related to environmental restoration, maintenance and management in the face of growing populations and industry. The program builds on an undergraduate science background and provides a foundation in pertinent areas of biology, chemistry, and geology, and archaeology, as well as social and philosophical issues related to the development of sound environmental policy and regulation. The following is a brief of the program's mission and policies; further information may be found at http://envs.columbusstate.edu/

Statement of Mission

The graduate degree program in Environmental Science provides advanced education and training to post-baccalaureate students living primarily in the Georgia/Alabama region. Graduates of the program are trained to serve as environmental professionals in the private sector as environmental consultants; in local, state, and federal environmental agencies; or to enter doctoral programs in environmental science or related fields. Primary emphasis is placed on acquiring a sound background in the underpinning concepts of environmental science and developing a wide range of knowledge in environmental issues.

Students may elect to pursue one of two different educational options in environmental science. The thesis-track option places emphasis on both acquisition of a broad background of environmental knowledge and ecological methods as well as on developing research skills necessary to design and conduct original research. It also stresses communication skills necessary to present research results in both oral and written forms. The intention is to develop those abilities which allow our graduates to become productive environmental scientists and educators. The non-thesis track option stresses a broadly-based background in environmental science in order to prepare graduates for careers in environmental consulting in industrial and governmental fields.

Admission

Minimum admission requirements for the MS program in environmental science are as follows:

  • Students must hold a baccalaureate degree in one of the natural sciences or engineering from an accredited college or university, or permission of the director of the program.
  • Students must have earned an undergraduate grade point average of at least 3.00 on a 4.0 scale, calculated on all work attempted in which letter grades were awarded.
  • Students must present evidence of a minimum score of 1000 on the verbal and quantitative (aptitude test) of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE).

Applications can be obtained from the Office of Graduate Admissions, Columbus State University, 4225 University Avenue, Columbus, GA 31907-5645

Provisional Admission

Students who have earned an appropriate baccalaureate degree, but whose undergraduate grade point average is lower than 3.0 or whose Graduate Record Examination (GRE) aptitude tests score is lower than 1000, will be given consideration by the graduate admissions committee of the College of Letters and Sciences and may be admitted provisionally.

Provisional students may be given specific coursework or independent study requirements in order to make up deficiencies but must complete a minimum of 10 semester hours of program core courses with a grade of "B" or better. Provisional students will not be eligible for teaching or research assistantships until they have obtained regular admission to the program.

Program Policies

Upon entering the Environmental Science graduate program, the student will be assigned an advisor. This advisor will assist the student in choosing courses and schedules that will best fit the student's interests and goals. The student may change his or her advisor after the first semester. The choice of thesis or non-thesis should be made in consultation with the advisor as soon as possible.

If a student has taken one or more of the program's core courses as an undergraduate, he or she will substitute courses from the program's elective courses in consultation with their advisor.

Thesis track students are required to complete 20 hours of specific program core courses, 10 hours of program electives and 6 hours of research. The student in consultation with his or her advisor will select, by the end of the first semester, two other faculty members to serve, along with the advisor, as a graduate committee. The purpose of the graduate committee is to guide and assist the student's thesis research. In consultation with the advisor, one member of the graduate committee may be chosen from faculty in other units of the University or from other institutions. The thesis is to be a significant original contribution in environmental science. The topic must be approved by the student's graduate committee in advance of the beginning of the thesis research. When the thesis is completed, the student will present the work in a public forum and will defend the work before the graduate committee.

Non-thesis track students are required to complete 24 hours of program core courses and 12 hours of program electives. The student in consultation with his or her advisor will select, by the end of the first semester, two other faculty members to serve, along with the advisor, as a graduate committee. The purpose of the graduate committee is to guide selection of elective courses to best match the student's goals.

Course Load. The maximum recommended course load for a graduate student in the School of Letters and Science in a given semester is 12 semester hours. The maximum course load for a student holding a graduate assistantship is 9 semester hours.

English

The Department of English provides graduates with the essential foundations of critical thinking, reading, and writing skills. In addition to pursuing traditional careers in the discipline—like teaching, library science, journalism, and creative writing—our graduates succeed in business, law, and medicine. Our majors also pursue graduate degrees in English, creative writing, rhetoric, and technical communication. English majors often engage in undergraduate research projects, presenting conference papers at local, regional, and national conferences and publishing work in peer-reviewed journals. Our award-winning student literary journal, Arden, provides students an opportunity to gain editing and publishing experience as undergraduates. In addition to numerous study abroad courses, English majors have the opportunity to participate in the New York Arts program. In association with the Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians, the English department often hosts readings and lectures at the McCullers house. In addition, we have several student organizations affiliated with the department: Sigma Tau Delta, (the English honor society), the Creative Writing Club, and the Professional Writing Organization.

Student Learning Outcomes:

  • Communicate effectively for variety of audiences and purposes
  • Demonstrate an advanced level of fluency in writing
  • Analyze and interpret texts
  • Demonstrate an awareness of the interrelations between writing and other disciplines
  • Demonstrate an understanding of key periods and genres in literary and/or cultural productions
  • Integrate and acknowledge sources appropriately

The Department of English offers the following degrees and concentrations (or tracks) in English:

Students in the BA in English-Literature track study British and American writers, and may also pursue their interests in literary criticism, linguistics, world literature, ethnic literature, and film. This track provides groundwork for students planning to attend graduate or professional school in the humanities, education, law, or any field that requires the critical thinking skills developed by students of literature.

The BA in English-Professional Writing track prepares students for writing careers in business or industry. The track offers courses in technical writing, news writing, business writing, and writing for digital media. Internships with Columbus-area organizations provide students with valuable hands-on experience. Professional writing students develop strong skills in electronic research, writing, layout, web design, and editing.

With the BA in English-Creative Writing track, students explore various kinds of creative writing (poetry, fiction, nonfiction, screenwriting, playwriting) and then develop their talents to a higher level with advanced courses: advanced poetry writing, advanced fiction writing, and advanced creative nonfiction writing.

The BA in English and Secondary Education prepares students for teacher certification and a career in teaching. Complementing this track, the department offers courses to satisfy Georgia requirements for an endorsement (to teacher certification) for English as a Second or Other Language (ESOL).

In addition, the department offers minors in English (Literature), English (Professional Writing), English (Creative Writing), and English (Linguistics) as well as a certificate program in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). The department also offers a certificate in Professional Writing, open to all majors and all degree students as well as non-degree students.

General Studies

The Associate in Science (AS) in General Studies is designed for students who wish to complete a two-year general education degree. This degree program is not major or career specific; therefore, students should consult carefully with academic advisors and career counselors to identify areas of interest, aptitude, and opportunities for future employment.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates will be able to:

  • Communicate effectively by means of listening, speaking, reading, and writing in the diverse situations encountered as educated citizens; and be able to effectively communicate using appropriate symbolic technological systems.
  • Think with a deliberate awareness of the process of critical thinking, employ the process, and strive to augment its effectiveness.
  • Interpret aesthetic significance in an object, work, performance, or experience through study or participation.
  • Apply appropriate knowledge to the interpretation of current problems and related issues concerning environment, health, society, culture, religion, economics, politics, science, and technology.
  • Develop informed judgments about the past by gathering relevant information, by placing it in context, by interpreting it, and by using it to draw inferences about contemporary events.
  • Use mathematical skills to solve problems and to interpret quantitative information.
  • Observe and interpret phenomena in a systematic fashion consistent with recognized principles of scientific inquiry.
  • Investigate ethics and personal values and those of others; be able to analyze interactions between value systems and cultural systems; and be able to distinguish prejudices, stereotypes, opinions, facts, and cross-cultural contributions.
  • Participate in extra-curricular, service, or leadership activity during the course of completing an undergraduate education.

Associate of Science (AS): Engineering Studies Program

The Associate of Science in Engineering Studies is a two-year program that includes the core curriculum and the first two years of mathematics and science courses for engineering majors. Students will build a solid foundation in the sciences, computer programming, engineering, mathematics, humanities, and social sciences. The required courses emphasize fundamentals that are applicable to engineering as a whole and concepts and generalizations long expected to remain vital. After completion of this program, students may transfer to baccalaureate engineering programs at other universities, including Georgia Tech. This degree has been created to help address a shortage of workers in science, engineering, computer programming, and other technology fields in Georgia and the nation. A minimum of 63 credit hours is required for graduation.

Department of History and Geography

History is the study of the human experience across time, space, and cultures. Historical interpretation, methodology and analysis help students reason systematically and examine critically people and events in the past as well as social, political, and cultural forces and their interaction within societies and among cultures. As academic disciplines, human geography and history offer students, colleagues, and the community methods to reach thoughtful judgments about human affairs.

The Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in History equips students with the communication, research and analytical skills that are necessary for success in the twenty-first century. History graduates can expect to have successful careers in business, administration, journalism, religious ministry, and education. With additional professional or graduate study, they may enter the legal profession or find employment at research institutes, universities and colleges.

The BA in History and Secondary Education prepares the student for teacher certification and a career in teaching.

The department also offers minors in History and Geography.

Requirements

Students seeking the B.A. in History must earn grades of C or better in all HIST and GEOG courses in Areas G and H.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Students completing lower division course work (1000 and 2000 level) in History and Geography will demonstrate:

Historical Thinking

  • an understanding of history from human centered and world perspectives, including awareness of individuals and social groups as creators of history.
  • comprehension of the relationships between events over time including cause and effect, change and continuity, and structure and agency.
  • an understanding of the complexity of historical analysis and the ability to incorporate gender, ethnicity, race and class into an explanation of the past.

Historical Context

  • the ability to place major events and historical interpretations into chronological order and into a broader historical framework.
  • comprehension of major themes in history to include demographic change and migration, social change, political change, economic change, cultural change and interaction, technological change, religion and ideological development, and globalization.
  • the ability to read, understand, and discuss historical interpretation and information.

Global Literacy

  • an understanding of the commonality and diversity of politics, societies, cultures and geographical regions of the world.

Communication Skills

  • the ability to organize and support an historical thesis in written form and to discuss historical issues in a group setting.

Graduates of the program in history will demonstrate:

Comprehension of Historiography and Historical Context

  • an understanding of different interpretations of historical evidence.
  • the ability to incorporate knowledge from related fields such as geography, economics, anthropology, sociology, literature, philosophy, art history or statistics depending upon the area of specialization.
  • the ability to place major events and historical interpretations into chronological order and into the broader thematic context.

Professional Skills

  • the ability to use resources such as the internet, library, archives and oral interviews.
  • computer skills necessary for inquiry, writing, synthesis, and communication.
  • the ability to communicate with others orally and in writing concerning historical facts, issues and interpretations.
  • research methods and historical discourse that value the work of others, maintain high standards in regard to proper evidence, and exhibit tolerance for alternative methods of research, synthesis and analysis.
  • the ability to document sources properly using Turabian.

Global and Comparative Perspectives

  • the ability to compare historical developments across time, space and cultures.

Liberal Arts

The Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts is designed for students who prefer a broad interdisciplinary program rather than a discipline-specific program of study. It can be completed online, regardless of geographic location, to provide 21st-century flexibility. The degree offers an optional Military and Global Issues Track, which may be of particular interest to military personnel but is open to all students. The Liberal Arts program includes offerings from the areas of communication, English, education, theatre, art, philosophy, foreign language, sociology, economics, and interdisciplinary studies. This degree program is not major or career specific; therefore, students should consult carefully with academic advisors and career counselors to identify areas of interest, aptitude, and opportunities for future employment.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates of the Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts program will be able to:

  • Effectively use the tools of oral and written communication to express ideas, solve problems, and contribute/participate appropriately within a community of learners;
  • Demonstrate a broad understanding of the liberal arts;
  • Apply knowledge from a variety of disciplines within the liberal arts to develop an appreciation for diverse cultures and global interconnectivity;
  • Use critical thinking skills to analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and describe diverse issues;
  • Analyze and evaluate data to draw informed conclusions.

Department of Mathematics and Philosophy

The Department of Mathematics prides itself on student centered instruction. We love finding opportunities to work individually with students and engaging them in our research and creative efforts. Three of our students were cited in the College Mathematics Journal in 2008 for their solutions of challenging problems. Other students have worked on research projects with our faculty and presented their work at regional conferences. Our students enjoy socializing in two campus organizations – a club for students interested in math and computer science (MAX), and the Math Education Student Association (MESA).

Recent graduates of our programs have started careers as actuaries, defense industry experts, high school teachers, and programmer/analysts. Others have gone on to graduate school in mathematics.

The department offers four degree options: the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics and Secondary Education, the Bachelor of Science in Mathematics , and the Bachelor of Science in Mathematics-Applied Math Concentration . Graduates of each program will cultivate the capabilities for presenting logical arguments, thinking abstractly, and formulating and solving problems. These attributes prepare the student for a lifetime of continuous advancement.

The BA programs feature a broad exposure to mathematics, including geometry and the history of math, and the flexibility to complete additional course work in another subject.

The BS-Math program features a traditional, rigorous plan of study designed to expose the student to a broad range of mathematics at a level sufficient for graduate studies in math or statistics.

The BS in Mathematics - Secondary Education Track provides solid background in mathematics, as well as course work necessary for teaching certification at the secondary level. With the nation facing a critical shortage of qualified math teachers, the student who completes the BS with secondary certification should expect a solid academic preparation and numerous job prospects.

The Applied Math concentration prepares the student for a career in industry. The student in Applied Math may select from two preparation tracks - actuarial science and statistics. Students who pursue the actuarial science track are encouraged to take the professional exams offered by the Society of Actuaries. Graduates with the BS - Applied Math might consider a career as an actuary, statistician, computer programmer, systems analyst, financial analyst, or engineering analyst.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Graduates from all of the math programs will have:

  • an understanding of calculus and an ability to use calculus in applications
  • knowledge of algebraic structures
  • knowledge of the real numbers, functions, the topological properties of R, differentiation, and integration
  • knowledge of and the ability to apply probability density functions
  • knowledge of appropriate mathematical models
  • the ability to think critically
  • the ability to understand mathematical arguments and to construct mathematical proofs
  • the ability to use computational devices and software in problem solving situations
  • communication skills to acquire, develop, and convey mathematical knowledge

Department of Modern and Classical Languages

The Department of Modern and Classical Languages offers the following programs:

Students majoring in foreign languages are preparing themselves to be global citizens. This course of study can prepare students for a wide range of pursuits, including careers in education, government, business, or any institution with international dealings.

The department encourages educational activities beyond the classroom. It sponsors and encourages study abroad experiences, foreign language clubs, honor societies, language tables, film series, and lecture events. The foreign language program is supported by a 25-seat Language Learning Center and by tutoring through the Academic Center for Excellence.

Student Learning Outcomes: for graduates of the B.A. in Modern Language and Culture, in the track Spanish Literature and Culture.

(Outcomes for the Teacher Certification Track are listed in the College of Education and Health Professions Department of Teacher Education section.)

Graduates will demonstrate

  • the ability to communicate in the target language consistent with national standards, which includes the ability to engage in conversation, to understand and interpret written and spoken language on a variety of topics, and to present information to audiences.
  • an understanding of the relationship between languages and cultures.
  • an awareness of the interrelationships between foreign languages and other disciplines.
  • a knowledge of historical and literary periods and genres of the target language and cultures.
  • skills necessary for analyzing and interpreting literature with respect to historical and political perspectives.
  • knowledge of contemporary issues related to culture and literature.
  • the ability to apply research to formal and reflective writing on literature and culture.

Department of Political Science and Public Administration

Undergraduate Programs

The Department of Political Science offers courses in all major parts of the discipline (American politics, political theory, comparative politics, international relations, public administration), and offers the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.

A political science degree is a pathway to law school, graduate school, or employment with government agencies or private sector organizations (businesses, interest groups, research organizations). While no specific undergraduate major is required for law school, the political science program addresses the communication skills, critical understanding of institutions, behaviors and values, and analytical thinking recommended for the study of law.

Student Learning Outcomes:

Political Science graduates will:

  • Demonstrate knowledge of the discipline of political science in terms of its history, content, purpose and methodologies
  • Demonstrate knowledge of the sub-fields of political science (American politics, political theory, comparative politics, international relations, public administration)
  • Demonstrate the ability to analyze materials (e.g. data, texts) and to think critically
  • Demonstrate the effective ability to communicate orally
  • Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively in writing
  • Be prepared to achieve their personal goals with regard to intellectual and social skills
  • Be prepared to achieve their personal goals with regard to governmental employment, private employment, graduate and/or professional school

Graduate Program

The Master of Public Administration (MPA) is the degree for students with professional goals related to public service in areas such as government agencies, health organizations, justice administration/law enforcement as well as not-for-profit organizations, and the private sector.

The program structure is designed to accommodate students currently employed in the public sector as well as students seeking entry level positions by offering classes in the evenings, on-line, as well as on Saturdays. In addition, Columbus State University's MPA program offers curricular tracks in:

  • Government Administration - Government administration encompasses a wide array of possibilities and experiences. The “three E's” of public administration are economy, efficiency, and equity. People in public administration jobs analyze information, oversee expenditures, draft and implement governmental and public policy, manage people and resources, serve as consultants, and in general act as stewards of the public interest. You may be involved in research and development, marketing, financial planning, or public relations. Public administration is the most general of the three Public Administration tracks available, and it can be tailored to suit the needs of each individual student. The Government Administration track of the Public Administration Program is also the appropriate track for students interested in not-for-profit management. The Government Administration track can be completed entirely online.
  • Health Services Administration - Managing the database at a clinic, developing budgets for a health department, creating polices for health insurance companies, directing hospital services... these are just a few of the careers you might pursue with a degree in health services administration. The field of health services administration combines politics, business, and science in managing the human and fiscal resources needed to deliver effective public health services. The Health Services Administration track of the Public Administration Program will help prepare students for a life in the fast-paced world of healthcare. With experienced faculty members and a dedicated healthcare community, students will move from providing direct services toward supervisory and programmatic responsibilities; you will be responsible for the overall business management of health care facilities.
  • Justice Administration - Justice administrators are required to be responsive, efficient, and ethical; maintaining the people's trust while upholding and enforcing all relevant laws and statutory guidelines. Administrative professionals in the criminal justice field are different from many other administrators in that they do not merely sit behind a desk. Instead, justice administrators are involved in daily investigative activities, community protection, and public advocacy. The criminal justice system in the U.S. provides an abundance of exciting opportunities to serve in the areas of apprehension, prosecution, defense, sentencing, and incarceration. The Justice Systems Administration track of the Public Administration Program focuses on training professionals to serve in the policing, courts, corrections, and advocacy fields. The Justice Systems Administration track can be completed entirely online.

Student Learning Outcomes:

  • Understanding and Explaining the Public Policy Process and Organizational Environment
  • Development and Practice of Soft Skills, Teamwork Building, and Ethical Decision Making in Public Organizations
  • Formulation, Interpretation, and Evaluation of Public Budgeting and Finance
  • Application and Proper Dissemination of Quantitative and Qualitative Techniques of Analysis
  • Application of Ethical Management Practices and Decision Making of Public Service Organizations
  • Proper Assessment and Application of Legal Constraints regarding equity and equality as it pertains to public service as well the ability to disseminate those standards in regards to variations in race, ethnicity, gender, class, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, age, physicality, etc.
  • Effective Oral and Written Communication
  • Problem-solving and Critical Thinking

Admission

For regular admissions, applicants must have:

  1. have completed a four-year college course of study and hold an acceptable baccalaureate degree from an institution accredited by a regional accrediting association, or shall have completed equivalent academic preparation as determined by appropriate campus authorities;
  2. be in good academic standing at the last college or university attended;
  3. have attained a cumulative grade point average of 2.75 in an acceptable earned baccalaureate degree;
  4. submit qualifying test scores from the GRE or Millers Analogy Test (MAT);
  5. and provide three letters of recommendation and a statement of purpose.


Curriculum

Each MPA option is subject to the following requirements:

  • All students must complete the common core for the degree.
  • A minimum B average in core courses, with no more than two Cs, and a minimum grade of "B" in option courses are required for degree completion.
  • No more than 9 semester credit hours of transferred credit may be credited toward the MPA degree.
  • Satisfactory completion of the Comprehensive Examination (MPAC 7000) is required for graduation. The examination is based on courses taken and is completed in the last semester of enrollment. It is the responsibility of the student to register for MPAC 7000 in the appropriate semester. A candidate who fails the examination will be eligible for re-examination during the next semester.

Department of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. The CSU Psychology Program offers a comprehensive curriculum leading to the Bachelor of Science (BS) degree (see the online catalog for details of course requirements for both degrees and for psychology course descriptions).

Psychology graduates with a bachelor's degree find employment in many fields including human services, administration, education, research, therapy/counseling, management, and human resources. Some examples of careers for psychology graduates include:

  • Alcohol/drug abuse counselor
  • Career planning / placement counselor
  • Child protection worker
  • Veterans advisor
  • Employment counselor
  • Group home coordinator
  • Public relations specialist
  • Rehabilitation advisor
  • Social services assistant
  • Behavior analyst
  • Case worker
  • Community outreach worker
  • Director of volunteer services
  • Family services worker
  • Mental health technician
  • Research assistant
  • Residential counselor
  • Social work assistant

A Masters degree or higher is required for most professional careers in psychology and our undergraduate program prepares qualified students for entrance into Masters, Doctoral, and other professional programs in psychology and related fields. Psychology majors also have the opportunity to participate in CSU's pre-medical program as preparation for application into medical school.

Our program has resources and laboratories designed to enhance the quality of learning. Our faculty represents a diversity of psychology's subfields including clinical, cognitive, developmental, social, personality, biological, and behavior analysis. Professors are eclectic in their interests and dedicated to student success. Opportunities are available for qualified students to work closely with faculty members on research projects, often leading to student presentations at local and regional professional conferences. The Department has research and teaching laboratories including facilities for psychophysiological recording, cognitive experiments, survey administration, behavioral observation, and studies of animal learning and cognition. Internships are also available for qualified students. We host a local chapter of Psi Chi, the international honor society in psychology, as well as our own Psychology Club.

The following are the student learning outcomes for students completing an undergraduate degree in psychology at CSU based on Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major (APA, 2012):

  • Knowledge Base - Students should demonstrate fundamental knowledge and comprehension of the major concepts, theoretical perspectives, historical trends, and empirical findings in psychology
  • Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking - Students should develop scientific reasoning and problem solving skills, including effective research methods skills
  • Communication - Students should demonstrate competence in written and oral communication skills
  • Professional Development - Students should develop skills that sharpen readiness for post-baccalaureate employment, graduate school, or professional school
  • Ethical and Social Responsibility - Students should develop skills related to ethical and socially responsible behavior for professional and personal settings

The Psychology Program is housed in the Department of Psychology, Faculty Office Building (FOB), Room 110. Contact Dr. Mark Schmidt, Chair, Department of Psychology 706-568-2116 Schmidt_Mark@ColumbusState.edu for more information.

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